Development of a Modified Device of the Manos Reactive Agility Test Instrument for Basketball
Volume 16, Issue 1 (2026)
Volume 16, Issue 1 (2026)
Development of a Modified Device of the Manos Reactive Agility Test Instrument for Basketball
Apstrakt:
The study aimed to develop a modified version of the Manos Reactive Agility Test (MRAT) instrument designed specifically for basketball athletes. The original MRAT measured reactive agility through visual stimuli but lacked sportsspecific adaptability for the dynamic movement of basketball. The modified device incorporates basketball-specific cues (e.g., change of direction, defensive movement, and court-based stimuli) to improve ecological validity. Using a Research and Development (R&D) approach with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model, the study involves: A needs analysis through a survey of 44 athletes to identify agility demands. Prototype design that integrates LED light panels and motion sensors for real-time response tracking. Validation by experts in sports science (content validity index≥0.80) and reliability testing (Cronbach alpha>0.93). The results of the trial (n=44 basketball players) showed that the modified MRAT had 90% accuracy in distinguishing elite and novice athletes, compared to 70% for the original MRAT. The device also improved the reliability of the retest (r=0.88 vs. 0.92) and reduced setup time by up to 30%. Modification of MRAT tools based on the needs of basketball athletes has proven to be more valid, reliable, and applicable than the standard version. This modified instrument offers a cost-effective sport-specific tool for assessing reactive agility in basketball, assisting coaches in talent identification and coaching optimization. Future studies may explore its application in other team sports.
Ključne riječi:
Reactive agility; basketball; instrument modification; Manos test; athletic performance
Puni tekst:
Reference:
Abe, Y., Nakayama, M., & Morita, N. (2023). Reliability And Validity Of A Reactive Agility Test With Soccer Goalkeeper-Specific Movements For Adolescents. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 64. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.23.15048-1 Azevedo, A. (2021). The Influence Of Reduced And Conditioned Games In Handball Training. Millenium Journal of Education Technologies and Health, 2021(9), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.29352/mill029e.21520 Badinlou, F. (2022). The Persian Version Of The Psychological Flexibility In Sport Scale: A Psychometric Study. BMC Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00962-x Badruzaman. (2022). Assessment Of Convergent Validity And Reliability Of Instruments For Measuring Anxiety Level In Water Using Sport Competition Anxiety Test Modification, Observation Of Behavior, And Test Performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(12), 2980–2987. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.12376 Burke, S. (2024). The Development and Validation of the Youth Sport Parental Support-Questionnaire (YSPS-Q). International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(8), 2085–2110. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2255605 Ceberio, I. (2024). Content And Face Validity In Virtual Reality With Children: A Validation In Five Steps+1 Of A Wheelchair Basketball Game. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2024.1505630 Crelerot, A. (2024). Validity Of A Quick Tool For Identifying Physical Inactivity And Sedentarity Behavior In General Practice. Science and Sports, 39(4), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2023.09.003 Hardiyono, B. (2023). Design of Power Sensor Based Test Instrument for Limb Muscle. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(2), 432–439. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110221 Horička, P., Šimonek, J., & Paška, Ľ. (2020). Relationship Between Reactive Agility, Cognitive Abilities, And Intelligence In Adolescents. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20, 2263–2268. 10.7752/jpes.2020.s330 Huang, X., Xue, Y., Ren, S., & Wang, F. (2023). Sensor-Based Wearable Systems for Monitoring Human Motion and Posture: A Review. Sensors, 23(22), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229047 Itthipanichpong, T. (2023). Validity and Reliability of the Thai Versions of the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale and Tegner Activity Scale. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671221149785 Kiefer, D. (2025). German Translation And Linguistic Validation Of The Modified Short Questionnaire To Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (Msquash) For Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis (Axspa). Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie, 84(1), 1–9. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00393-024-01508-9 Lohrer, H. (2023). Successful Repair of M. Obliquus Internus Abdominis Avulsion at the Iliac Crest—Operative Technique in Professional Soccer Players. Orthopaedic Surgery, 15(5), 1399–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.13699 Mackala, K., Vodičar, J., Žvan, M., Križaj, J., Stodolka, J., Rauter, S., Šimenko, J., & Čoh, M. (2020). Evaluation of the Pre-Planned And Non- Planed Agility Performance: Comparison Between Individual And Team Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 975. 10.3390/ijerph17030975 Munir, A. (2025). The Effectiveness of Shooting Free Throw Basketball in Junior High School Students: A Comparison of Animals Names and Command Styles. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 13, 155–158. Nowak, M., Gabryś, T., Stępniak, A., & Szmatlan-Gabrys, U. (2021). Relations Between the Parameters of External Load in Basketball Game Simulating Exercises of Various Technical-Tactical Tasks. Acta Kinesiologica, 15, 92–100. Scanlan, A., Humphries, B., Tucker, P. S., & Dalbo, V. (2014). The Influence Of Physical And Cognitive Factors On Reactive Agility Performance In Men Basketball Players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(4), 367–374. Sheppard, J. M., Young, W. B., Doyle, T. L. A., Sheppard, T. A., & Newton, R. U. (2006). An Evaluation Of A New Test Of Reactive Agility And Its Relationship To Sprint Speed And Change Of Direction Speed. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(4), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.019 Tantri, A. (2023). Modification of Interactive Multimedia With The ARA MODEL: Study Of Development Of Football Learning Models In Pandemic Times. Retos, 50, 1289–1298. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.100587
